Ideological polarization refers to the division and divergence of political beliefs and ideologies within a society or group. It is characterized by individuals or groups becoming increasingly entrenched in their own beliefs and ideologies, leading to a lack of understanding and compromise between opposing sides. This polarization can manifest in various forms, such as the rise of extreme political ideologies, increased partisanship, and decreased willingness to engage in civil discourse or find common ground. Ideological polarization can have serious consequences for political decision-making, social cohesion, and democratic processes within a society. It is often fueled by factors such as media bias, political echo chambers, and social identity dynamics.